• fact - evidence 
• value - opinions/beliefs, rightness and wrongness 
• policy - actions should be taken 
• ill- problem: victims are dying
• blame-cause: trained to use guns 
• policy-solution/cure: actions should be taken. police should be trained for non violence 

does facebook make you dumb

• 1.6 active users 
• us - people of the society and have access to social media 
• dumb- a reliance of technology and a procces of thinking 
• dependence on social media 
• people rely on social media for answers 
• without social media they cant rely on anything to find sources 
• people have withdraw from social media 
• makes us unproductive 
• people tend to copy others 
• we feel like we have nothing to do and social media 
• we rely on influences anyways 
• people have used others ideas since the beggining of time 
• there is always distractions 
• newspapers are digital now its still the same 
• books are digital now and can be found on facebook though now 

• one can judge a civilization by how it treats women - this means that how they treat their people determines the success of a civilization 
• i dsagree with this because the way we judge a civilization is based on its accomplishments 
• civilization is the victory of persuasion over force - those who conquer have a civilization 
• i agree with this because history is written by the victor 
• the most persistent threat to freedom, to the rights of Americans is fear - fear controls our lives 
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chapter 4

• language is a shared symbol system 
• epistemic function is the language we learn and employ shapes and constrains our understanding of what constitutes reality 
• demotative meaning is the content level of the word 
• conotative meaning- how an individual feels about the word 
• abstraction - the more abstract the term the more meanings it conveys
• characters create images and act in accordance with the impressions they wish to sustain 
• a role is a set of assumptions about how an individual should act based on his or her position, occupation, behavior and status 
• character types: In his analysis of American literature, Orrin Kxlapp concluded there are three major american social types: heroes, villians and fools. Klapp argued Americans are guided by the desire to emulate positive social types, although there will almost certainly be culture-specific expectations for particular roles 
• metaphor - special forms of argument that can enhance the appeal of a claim 
• an ornamental metaphor asks audiences to see that phenomenon A has some characteristic that resembles phenomenon B, If we say, "Peter is as strong as an ox," we are only comparing one aspect of peter-his strength-with one one aspect of the ox-its strength 
• an argumentative metaphor contend that contends that phenomenon A should be seen as phenomenon B
•